Hussein believed that victory would therefore come swiftly. Opposition to the increasingly authoritarian monarchy was brutally crushed. This alarmed many of Iran's neighbours, particularly Kuwait, Iraq and Saudi Arabia as well as Western nations dependent on Middle Eastern oil for their energy needs. [113] The largest was in Tabriz, which descended into a full-scale riot. [275] After Khomeini claimed that Americans were behind the 1979 Grand Mosque seizure, student protesters from the Quaid-e-Azam University in Islamabad attacked the US embassy, setting it on fire and taking hostages. [240] The party was suppressed,[239] and in 1982 Shariatmadari was "demoted" from the rank of Grand Ayatollah and many of his clerical followers were purged. After the Islamic revolution, Iranian artists who fled to the United States gradually formed exile communities. [114] Mashhad (the second largest city in Iran) was abandoned to the protesters, and in many provincial towns demonstrators were effectively in control. [109], American General Robert Huyser, the Deputy Commander of NATO, entered Iran. Middle class Iranians could afford to buy their own apartment and travel abroad. [8][9][10] In August 1978, the deaths of between 377 and 470 people in the Cinema Rex fire claimed by the opposition as having been orchestrated by Pahlavi's SAVAK came to serve as a catalyst for a popular revolutionary movement across all of Iran,[11][12] and large-scale strikes and demonstrations paralyzed the entire country for the remainder of that year. [9][6][100][101], Hoping to break Khomeini's contacts with the opposition, the Shah pressured the Iraqi government to expel him from Najaf. From 1941 to 1979, Iran was ruled by King Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the Shah. [27] In addition to these, the Iranian Revolution sought the spread of Shia Islam across the Middle East through the ideological tenets of Khomeinism particularly as a means of uprooting the region's status quo, which favoured Sunni Islam. [109][143] The Shah was privately embittered by Huyser's mission, and felt that the United States no longer wanted him in power. The hostage crisis ended with the signing of the Algiers Accords in Algeria on 19 January 1981. On 28 June 1981, a bombing of the office of the IRP killed around 70 high-ranking officials, cabinet members and members of parliament, including Mohammad Beheshti, the secretary-general of the party and head of the Islamic Republic's judicial system. [109] Instead, the clergy directed the crowd on a large march through the center of Tehran, whilst the Shah reportedly watched the march from his helicopter, unnerved, and confused. Good article, but the information on the Shahs is more than a little biased. [256] In terms of future relevance, the conflicts that originated from the Iranian Revolution continued to define geo-politics for the last three decades, continuing to do so today.[257]. Will the Islamic republic be overthrown? These reforms were welcomed by those who felt oppressed by religious dictates, but were resoundingly rejected by the more traditional elements of Iran, who saw them as a threat to Islamic cultural values and identity. She further explains that the cultural, ideological, social and material factors shaping the social life and class differences in the period just prior to the revolution need to be studied in order to understand how the Iranian women's social consciousness developed and how it led them to take part in public protests. [308] Women fought back against these changes, and as activist and writer Mahnaz Afkhami writes, "The regime succeeded in putting women back in the veil in public places, but not in resocializing them into fundamentalist norms. The period leading up to Iran's Islamic Revolution was a time of major upheaval and reform. [25] The repressive focus on the academy stems from the history of Iranian schools and universities serving as the hotbeds of political opposition, particularly during the beginning of Reza Shah's government. Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi also traveled to several different countries before finally receiving asylum in Cairo, Egypt where he passed away in 1980 due to cancer.8. The government arrested thousands, and there were hundreds of executions against the MEK and its followers. Before the Iranian Islamic Revolution in 1979, Iranian women were acquiring rights along with women in other parts of the world. [174] Members of the Women's Organization of Iran marched in support for the revolution and it was important that women very much linked to the government also turned against the Shah's regime. But there was increasing turmoil and dissent. That is the Western style," giving pro-democracy liberals (and later leftists) a taste of disappointments to come. Secondary schools were free for all and financial support was extended to university students. [231][229][233], In mid-August 1979, shortly after the election of the constitution-writing assembly, several dozen newspapers and magazines opposing Khomeini's idea of theocratic rule by jurists were shut down. [231][232] These dissidents were sentenced to death by the Islamic Revolutionary Courts during show trials in more than eighty-five cities across the country on charges of spreading "corruption on Earth" (ifsad-fi-alarz), "espionage", "terrorism", or "enmity against Allah" (Moharebeh). By January 1980 "at least 582 persons had been executed. [178] The Iranian government has had to reconsider and change aspects of its policies towards women because of their resistance to laws that restrict their rights.[178]. This voluminous work, reflects Iran's ancient history, its unique cultural values, its pre-Islamic Zoroastrian religion, and its sense of nationhood. The council controls the affairs of the universities and their students by supervising the selection of applicants to the university and by controlling the formation of collegiate institutions. The Shah himself was horrified by the events of Black Friday, and harshly criticized the events, though this did little to sway public perception of him as being responsible for the shooting. The Iranian Islamic Revolution wiped out those gains. The body is not stipulated in the Constitution but "was formed under the special circumstances that were prevailing in the early stages of the revolution. The situation in Iran, and in the Middle East in general is something that those people do not deserve to be experiencing. [301] Five of the 290 parliamentary seats are allocated to their communities.[302]. Pre-Revolution Iranian Psychedelic Rock is a blog dedicated to the history and music of pre-revolution Iran. "[9] Attacks continued April 21 and "the next day at the Universities at Ahwaz and Rasht. The Iranian Revolution led to the overthrow of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, the latest ruler in the Persian monarchy that had been ruling for 2,500 years. [315], Iran is currently one of the world's only jurisdictions to actively execute gay men. [6], On 19 August, in the southwestern city of Abadan, four arsonists barred the door of the Cinema Rex movie theatre and set it on fire. The White Revolution was a far-reaching series of reforms in Iran launched in 1963 by Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and lasted until 1978. For example, Islamic Republic Party and allied forces controlled approximately 80% of the seats on the Assembly of Experts of Constitution. Iran Culture Pre-Revolution Movies in Iran At every movie theater there was a dress code the women were not allowed to wear chadors guys had to dress more western Iran forbade passion plays the movies directors made movies of the Persian literature and ancient Persian mythology Music Some popular movies in Iran [296] Population growth was first encouraged, but discouraged after 1988. https://www.britannica.com/event/Iranian-Revolution, GlobalSecurity.org - Iranian Civil Strife - Coming of the Revolution, International Centre on Non Violent Conflict - The Iranian Revolution (1977-1979). [14][100], The chain of events began with the death of Mostafa Khomeini, chief aide and eldest son of Ruhollah Khomeini. Pre-Revolution Society in Iran Report galcec Apr. This is not an ordinary government. It was described as "the highest body for making policies and decisions in connection with cultural, educational and research activities within the framework of the general policies of the system and considered its approvals indispensable." Many western media outlets, usually critical of such claims, became one of Khomeini's most powerful tools. Mahmoud ARGHAVAN - A Cultural Bricolage: Local Traditions and Global Styles in Contemporary Tehrani Youth 4. "[286] To honor the 40th anniversary of revolution around 50,000 prisoners were forgiven by order Ali Khamenei to receive "Islamic clemency". Crowds in excess of one million demonstrated in Tehrn, proving the wide appeal of Khomeini, who arrived in Iran amid wild rejoicing on February 1. Culture in Iran (Pre-Revolution 33 Learn about Prezi MD Marvin DeVera Thu Apr 21 2016 Outline 21 frames Reader view In the 1950's and 60's, art in Iran was quite modern and contemporary Iran art includes architecture, painting, weaving, pottery, calligraphy, metalworking and sculpture. [9][6][14][100][101][115][123] However, the Shah made clear that once martial law was lifted, he intended to continue with the liberalization. Soon large crowds took to the streets, building barricades and supporting the rebels, while Islamic-Marxist guerillas with their weapons joined in support. He stood as the voice for the Shiite community and spoke up about how the shahs policies contradicted what the Shiite community believed in. Transparency International ranked Iran 136th out of 175 countries in transparency (i.e. In 1953, following the nationalization of the Iranian oil industry by the democratically elected prime minister Mohammad Mossadegh, American and British forces instituted a highly effective embargo of Iranian oil, and covertly destabilized the legislature and helped return control to their ally, Pahlavi. Men and women are not allowed to dance or swim with each other. ( Mario De Biasi/Mondadori/Getty Images) Following the events of the revolution, Marxist guerrillas and federalist parties revolted in some regions comprising Khuzistan, Kurdistan and Gonbad-e Qabus, which resulted in fighting between them and revolutionary forces. People celebrating Shah's exit from the country. A former opponent of the Shah, Bakhtiar became motivated to join the government because he was increasingly aware of Khomeini's intentions to implement hard-line religious rule rather than a democracy. [177], Some argue that this politicization and mobilization of women made it difficult for the new regime to push them out of the public and political spheres. The culture of Iran (Persian: ) or culture of Persia is among the most influential in the world. Along with political criticism, he also received religious criticism from people who thought westernization contradicted Islam.2This is what would later lead to the shahs overthrow by Ruhollah Khomeini and his followers. [308], Women especially those from traditional backgrounds participated on a large scale in demonstrations leading up to the revolution. Like his father, the Shah's government was known for its autocracy, its focus on modernization and Westernization, and for its disregard for religious[citation needed] and democratic measures in Iran's constitution. [171] Women were involved in caring for the wounded, including doctors who responded to calls for help and opened their homes for those who needed assistance. [219] Among the casualties of the hostage crisis was Prime Minister Bazargan and his government, who resigned in November unable to enforce the government's order to release the hostages. In PPP terms, GNI per capita has increased from Int. After three decades of reconstruction and growth since then, it has not yet reached its 1979 level and has only recovered to $6751 in 2016. Reasons advanced for the revolution and its populist, nationalist, and later Shia Islamic character include: The Shah's regime was seen as an oppressive, brutal,[34][35] corrupt and lavish regime by some of the society's classes at that time. Nafisi, Azar. [9][14][20][101][109][112][124] Additional clashes throughout the day, which would be called Black Friday by the opposition, brought the opposition death toll to 89.[6][115]. [109] Encouraged by Khomeini (who declared that the blood of martyrs must water the "tree of Islam"),[101] radicals pressured the mosques and moderate clergy to commemorate the deaths of the students, and used the occasion to generate protests. It led to the replacement of the Imperial State of Iran by the present-day Islamic Republic of Iran, as the monarchical government of Mohammed Reza Pahlavi was superseded by the theocratic government of Ruhollah Khomeini, a religious cleric who had headed one of the rebel factions. [116][134] Khomeini announced that there would be no reconciliation with the Shah and called on all Iranians to overthrow him. "[186] However, nobody could deny the unanimous central role of the Imam, and the other factions were too small to have any real impact. In the decades before the Islamic revolution of 1979, Iran was ruled by the Shah, whose dictatorship repressed dissent and restricted political freedoms. "[237], After each revolution several thousand of these corrupt elements are executed in public and burnt and the story is over. In 2006, there were rumors of universities internally "bracing" for "tighter state control over student bodies and faculties and perhaps even the second Cultural Revolution.'" 1 Colonization and Settlement (1500-1763), 2 Revolution and Early Republic (1754-1801), 4 Civil War and Reconstruction (1850-1877), 5 Emergence of Modern America (1877-1929), 4 Late Middle Ages-Renaissance-Reformation Europe (1300-1648), 3 Post-Classical History (600 CE-1492 CE), HS 1302 United States History since 1877, SP 3392 Language Variation and Dialectology of Spanish, Sadia Rafique and Khalid Manzoor Butt, Position of Women in Iran: An Analysis of Pre and Post Islamic Revolution 1979,, Encyclopaedia Britannica, September 2018, s.v. Some 700 University professors from Iran's academic institutions in a short time.[6][7]. "[175] Khomeini pleaded for women to participate in anti-Shah demonstrations in various cities. Iran has elected governmental bodies at the national, provincial, and local levels. In 1952, Mosaddegh nationalized the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company and became a national hero. So an official shouldnt try to change what the religion says because he wants to give women more rights then what they are allowed. While the banning of the veil was seen as liberation by educated females, rural women increasingly retreated to their homes, used to being hidden behind the garment. The main plot of the movie is about a traditional man who holds a hostile view of motion pictures and sent to kill the director. Under the Shah's rule, Iran's economy and educational opportunities expanded. Iran was also struggling to find replacement parts for much of its US- and British-supplied equipment. Perhaps Mesopotamian influence, so noticeable in the pottery of Susa of that time, was also responsible for the striking differences from the moufflon demon in the conception of the ibex demon in this seal. The event became known to foreign observers as "The Day Tehran Burned. While women themselves were often killed, tortured, arrested or injured and some were involved in guerilla activities, most contributed in non-violent ways. Yes, they did many positive things, especially in regards to modernization and the rights of women, but the last Shah was also a dictator who had his political enemies thrown in prison, tortured, and even executed. Corrections? Khomeini later described his appointment of Bazargan as a "mistake. Khomeini was now not only the undisputed leader of the revolution,[5][148] he had become what some called a "semi-divine" figure, greeted as he descended from his airplane with cries of 'Khomeini, O Imam, we salute you, peace be upon you. It is evident we are not. [1][clarification needed] The official name used by the Islamic Republic is "Cultural Revolution". "[150] When asked by a reporter how he felt returning to his home country after a long exile, Khomeini replied "Nothing". On 1 February 1979, Khomeini returned to Iran, following an invitation by the government;[6][14] several thousand Iranians gathered to greet him as he landed in the capital city of Tehran. [118] In an attempt to dampen inflation, the Amuzegar administration cut spending and reduced business. Like the hostage crisis, the war served in part as an opportunity for the government to strengthen revolutionary ardour and revolutionary groups;[citation needed] the Revolutionary Guard and committees at the expense of its remaining allies-turned-opponents, such as the MEK. Outwardly, with a swiftly expanding economy and a rapidly modernizing infrastructure, everything was going well in Iran. [6][109] In order to help create a democratic faade, Khomeini placed Westernized figures (such as Sadegh Ghotbzadeh and Ebrahim Yazdi) as the public spokesmen of the opposition, and never spoke to the media of his intentions to create a theocracy. With how things are in the country right now, there may be another revolution arising. U.S. copyright: Protecting authors, preserving culture, 4 ways the U.S. will boost womens economic security worldwide, How one African womans startup spurs new businesses, Helping women in Vietnam become academic leaders, The latest medical gadgets at U.S. tech show, Leaders take on North Americas biggest challenges, Turning COVID-19 vaccine technology against cancer, Defending Ukraine: Dattalion founders fight disinformation, How the climate crisis affects gender equity and equality, See the land that tribes in the U.S. are protecting. Iran's Sunni minority (about 8%) has seen some unrest. [6][140][141], The Shah began to search for a new prime minister, one who was a civilian and a member of the opposition. This conflict lasted only a few months however. Also some believe that it is indispensable to revive the religious gathered in Hoseyniyeh-e-Ershad.[330]. Other than the politicization of women, there were particular circumstances during the revolution which pushed women into being involved with politics. [215], In late October 1979, the exiled and dying Shah was admitted into the United States for cancer treatment. Can a name become a metaphor for civil rights? The government's process of censoring foreign influences has not been without consequences. In June 1982, with Iraqi forces all but expelled from Iranian territory, the Iraqi government offered a ceasefire. Remember that one group is researching PRE-Islamic revolution, and one group is researching POST-Islamic revolution. Yet, by 1982 Khomeini and his supporters had crushed the rival factions, defeated local rebellions and consolidated power. [24], Much of Iranian society was in euphoria about the coming revolution. However, he would avoid entering into political issues, as did other religious leaders who followed him. "[180] Women engaged with news and media as well as political discussions alongside their male counterparts as "the revolution was the only topic of interest to anyone, regardless of age or sex. "[65] Three days of major riots throughout Iran followed, with 15,000 dead from police fire as reported by opposition sources. Cuisine Iranian cuisine was heavily rice or dough based. With superior French telephone and postal connections (compared to Iraqi ones), Khomeini's supporters flooded Iran with tapes and recordings of his sermons. This White Revolution included many new developments, such as land reform, an expanded road, rail, and air network, and the eradication of diseases such as malaria. [101], On the morning of 16 January 1979, Bakhtiar was officially appointed prime minister. Named for the Islamic month they began in, the Muharram protests were impressively huge and pivotal. [176], There are some contesting understandings in academic literature regarding the reasons behind the mobilization of women. Years later, Mohammad Reza Shah dismissed the parliament and launched the White Revolutionan aggressive modernization program that upended the wealth and influence of landowners and clerics, disrupted rural economies, led to rapid urbanization and Westernization, and prompted concerns over democracy and human rights. [181] Despite this mobilization and high participation rate of women, they were still kept out of leadership positions which were exclusive to men; women are thought to be part of the rank and file rather than the elite strata of the revolution. Two major political groups that formed after the fall of the Shah that clashed with and were eventually suppressed by pro-Khomeini groups, were the moderate religious Muslim People's Republican Party (MPRP) which was associated with Grand Ayatollah Mohammad Kazem Shariatmadari, and the secular leftist National Democratic Front (NDF). In reply Khomeini compared them as well as other adulterers to gangrene, thieves, and murderers. Top editors give you the stories you want delivered right to your inbox each weekday. The government also began to prosecute corrupt government and royal family members. [241], In January 1980, Abolhassan Banisadr was elected president of Iran. All Iranians want change, it is time for change. How could Islam be a religion of peace and the claims made towards it when it degrades the state of a society? [229] Most victims of the 1981 massacre were young activists aged eleven to twenty-four. Pardis MAHDAVI - Iran's Youth Movement in Context (Annabelle is going to contact her to see if we can negotiate a revision as she is refusing at the moment) 3. At the same time, events that made up both the crisis and its resolution were the Iran hostage crisis, the invasion of Iran by Saddam Hussein's Iraq, and the presidency of Abolhassan Banisadr.[183][185]. [14][101][116], Worse for the Shah was that the Western media, especially the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), immediately put Khomeini into the spotlight. [101][117], As early as the February riots in Tabriz, the Shah fired all SAVAK officials in the city as a concession to the opposition, and soon began to dismiss civil servants and government officials whom he felt the public blamed. [323] GDP per capita (nominal) has grown from $2290 in 1979 to $5470 in 2016. [109], More than 10% of the country marched in anti-Shah demonstrations on the two days, possibly a higher percentage than any previous revolution. Pre-Revolution Culture in Iran By: Hannah, Jon, and Carlos Many muslims worship many different languages, but the most popular is Arabic and Farsi This means "I love you" in both languages Arabic Farsi Women Culture Women did not have headscarves or chadors (dark cloth to cover head only face showing) before the Revolution, [111] In his speech he stated "I have heard the voice of your revolutionthis revolution cannot but be supported by me, the king of Iran". Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist (Velayat-e faqih), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cultural_Revolution_in_Iran&oldid=1134266979, Articles with dead external links from May 2016, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles with style issues from July 2011, Cleanup tagged articles without a reason field from July 2011, Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from July 2011, Articles with multiple maintenance issues, Articles containing Persian-language text, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2009, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2019, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 17 January 2023, at 20:43. Under the shah, Iran had more political, social and cultural life than any of its neighbors. Many of these people are not able to return to Iran still, and some of them may never get the opportunity to go back. The pro-Western Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was determined to drag the country into the 20th-century, and photographs of 1970s Tehran give the outward appearance that it was little different from Washington or New York. Bah holy places have been confiscated, vandalized, or destroyed. Whether youre studying times tables or applying to college, Classroom has the answers. "[183] After the system of despotic monarchy had been overthrown,[184] the economy and the apparatus of government had collapsed, and military and security forces were in disarray. Operation Ajax was born, in which the only democratic government Iran ever had was deposed. Reza Shah and his son, Mohammed Reza Shah, the leaders of the Pahlavi regime, were trying to introduce modernity into Iran, as Ataturk did in Turkey. Most of us think that Iranian pre-Islamic culture and literature was totally destroyed with the invasion of the Arabs and a new culture, separate from that of the past developed under the influence of Islamic culture. It signaled the now official alliance between the clergy and the secular opposition. "[9][100][101][115], Forty days later, on 29 March, demonstrations were organized in at least 55 cities, including Tehran. They were not to open for another two years. [23] This came after Ahmadinejad was elected as Iran's president in 2005 and became the head of the Council. Britain suspended all diplomatic relations with Iran and did not re-open their embassy in Tehran until 1988. [109][111][116] The BBC itself later issued a statement admitting to having a "critical" disposition to the Shah, saying that its broadcasts helped to "change the collective perception of the population. [citation needed] The Islamic Republic lags some countries in transparency and ease of doing business according to international surveys. [322], Since the revolution Iran's GDP (Nominal) has grown from $90.392billion in 1979 to $385.874 in 2015. These laws included requiring women to wear a veil, the banning of alcohol, and the banning of Western music.9In addition to this, The Family Protection Act was voided.10 The rights that women had gained during the shahs reign were taken away from them, and things had become even more strict. [228], Between June 1981 and March 1982, the theocratic regime carried out the largest political massacre in Iranian history, targeting communists, socialists, social democrats, liberals, monarchists, moderate Islamists, and members of the Baha'i faith as part of the Iranian Cultural Revolution decreed by Khomeini on 14 June 1980 with the intent of "purifying" Iranian society of non-Islamic elements. Artists and their work The Shah advertised the White Revolution as a step towards westernization,[60] and it was a way for him to legitimize the Pahlavi dynasty. Secular opponents of the Shah began to meet in secret to denounce the government. [210] To approve the new constitution and prevent leftist alterations, a relatively small seventy-three-member Assembly of Experts for Constitution was elected that summer. In these "Ten Nights" (Dah Shab) 57 of Iran's most prominent poets and writers read their works to thousands of listeners. Trade with the West, which was curtailed after the revolution because of sanctions, was a boost to the economy. Here are photos of Iranian society prior to the 1979 revolution. Updates? [19][100] Special "strike committees" were set up throughout major industries to organize and coordinate the activities. The Shah fled to Italy when the initial coup attempt on August 15 failed, but returned after a successful second attempt on August 19.[58]. The British considered an armed invasion, but UK Prime Minister Winston Churchill decided on a coup after being refused American military support by U.S. President Harry S. Truman, who sympathized with nationalist movements like Mosaddegh's and had nothing but contempt for old-style imperialists like those who ran the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company. Inevitably, the overlapping authority of the Revolutionary Council (which had the power to pass laws) and Bazargan's government was a source of conflict,[198] despite the fact that both had been approved by and/or put in place by Khomeini. Through 1977 liberal opposition formed organizations and issued open letters denouncing the government. [103][104] The mourning of Mostafa was given a political cast by Khomeini's political credentials, their enduring opposition to the monarchy and their exile. A national hero defeated local rebellions and consolidated power pushed women into being involved with politics `` Cultural ''. 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