Although overshadowed by the fall of the Alamo, the Goliad Massacre claimed the lives of twice as many Texas rebels. Instead of taking cover in the nearby woods, Fannin ordered his men to form a square on an open prairie near Coleto Creek. Top 100 High Schools in the Nation, U.S. News & World Report; . [citation needed], The 75 soldiers of William Parsons Miller and the Nashville Battalion had been captured on the 20th and marched in on the 23rd. The killing The site of the massacre is now topped by a large monument containing the names of the victims. An hour after Santa Annas execution orders arrived, Portilla received the contradictory message from Urrea to treat the prisoners with consideration, and especially their leader, Fannin. After an agonizing night weighing the two instructions, Portilla decided to uphold the wishes of the Mexican dictator. Fannin ordered the bulk of his army to retreat from Goliad on March 19, in the hopes of joining the forces of General Sam Houston. Four weeks elapsed between their capture and their execution, enabling Santa Anna to gauge in advance the reaction of New Orleans to their fate. . The largest group, including what remained of Ward's Georgia Battalion and Capt. [4] By the end of the year, all Mexican troops had been expelled from Texas.[5]. Back at the presidio, the Mexicans executed the wounded against the chapel wall and even shot them in their makeshift beds. He recalled that on the morning of March 27, 1836, a Mexican officer told the men to get ready for a march. Urrea complied to the extent of issuing an order to shoot his prisoners, along with those captured in the battle of Agua Dulce Creek, but he had no stomach for such cold-blooded killing; and when Father Thomas J. Malloy, priest of the Irish colonists, protested the execution, Urrea remitted the prisoners to Matamoros, asking Santa Anna's pardon for having done so and washing his hands of their fate. Unsere Bestenliste Jan/2023 Detaillierter Produktratgeber TOP Grey goos vodka Aktuelle Angebote Vergleichssieger Direkt weiterlesen. The location of the gravesite was forgotten until years later, when human bone fragments were discovered by a group of boys. According to a Goliad Chamber of Commerce publication, "Goliad's history began at the Presidio La Bahia. Date: March 27, 1836. The battle and execution, popularly (and controversially) referred to as the "Goliad Massacre," have been recreated each March by costumed members of the Crossroads of Texas Living History. Goliad Massacre, General Urrea negotiated surrender "at the disposal of the Supreme Mexican Government", falsely stating that no prisoner taken on those terms had lost his life. Bounty certificates were issued at the rate of 320 acres for every three months of service. [2] As part of his preparations for marching on Texas, in late December 1835 Santa . Few of us understood the order, and those who did would not obey. Faced with annihilation, the Texans raised a white flag and were marched back to Goliad and incarcerated in the presidio chapel at Fort Defiance along with other rebels captured in the nearby area. "The Mexican Side of the Texas Revolution". [2], On February 27, 1836, Urrea's advance patrol surprised Frank W. Johnson and about 34 men, initiating the Battle of San Patricio, where they killed about 10 and took 18 prisoners. . Jakie L. Pruett and Everett B. Cole, Goliad Massacre: A Tragedy of the Texas Revolution (Austin: Eakin Press, 1985). [13] That night, King led his men in an independent escape attempt. The outcome was The Goliad massacre, set in the town of Goliad on March 27, 1836, was the killing of Republic of Texas soldier-prisoners and their commander, James Fannin, during the Texas Revolution by the Mexican Army under orders from General and President of Mexico Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna. Their charred remains were left in the open, unburied, and exposed to vultures and coyotes. [11], On March 19, Urrea had quickly advanced and surrounded 300 men of the Texian Army on the open prairie, near La Bahia (Goliad). John C. Duval was college-educated, and descended from a distinguished family his father served as the first U.S. territorial governor of Florida, and his family had ties going back to George Washington and Thomas Jefferson. Whilst these horrible scenes were occurring on the prairies, Col. Fannin and his wounded companions were shot and bayoneted at Goliad, only Dr. Shackleford and a few hospital aids having their lives spared, in order that they might attend the wounded Mexicans. In view of Santa Anna's positive orders, Urrea could not, of course, accede to these terms, but refusing them would mean another bloody battle. Please improve this article by adding a reference. Handbook of Texas Online, In the fall of 1835 the Texans had made the first Declaration of Independence. Mexican forces under General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna continued to sweep across Texas toward Fort Defiance, the presidio in Goliad that had been seized by the rebels in October 1835 at the onset of the war for independence. Austin had declared that "War is our only recourse. The entire Texian force was killed, except for 28 men who feigned death and escaped. The Mexican soldiers at La Bahia returned to the funeral pyres and gathered up any visible remains of the Texians and re-burned any evidence of the bodies. After filling out an official report on the battle, Johnson, Toler, and Love left the army and went to San Felipe. Two physicians, Joseph H. Barnard and John Shackelford, were taken to San Antonio to treat Mexican wounded from the battle of the Alamo; they later escaped. The massacre is commemorated in Walt Whitman's poem Song of Myself, section 34. Among these was Herman Ehrenberg, who later wrote an account of the massacre; William Lockhart Hunter survived despite being bayoneted and clubbed with a musket. Enterprise. [28] Their charred remains were left in the open, unburied, and exposed to vultures and coyotes. On March 20th, 1836, Colonel Fannin and his army unconditionally surrendered to General Urrea's forces the day after the Battle of Coleto Creek. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! Time Period: Texas Revolution 1835-36. Determined to quash the rebellion, Santa Anna began assembling a large force to restore order; by the end of 1835 his army numbered 6,019 soldiers. This may have been correct. This is why the battle is significant. Portilla suffered an unquiet night weighing these conflicting orders, but he concluded that he was bound to obey Santa Anna's order and directed that the prisoners be shot at dawn. As he prepared to subdue the Texas colonists Santa Anna was chiefly concerned with the help they expected from the United States. Gammel & Co., 1892; Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska Press, 1986), XV. Those who survived the initial volley were run down by the Mexican cavalry. His diary, edited by Hobart Huson, was published in 1949 and is considered one of the best sources of information for the period. Thirty-three Americans were captured in the course of the fighting at Nuestra Seora del Refugio Mission, half of them with Capt. He received land certificates for his service, including a 640-acre Donation specifically for his service under Fannin at Goliad, and a 1,280-acre Bounty for the full term of his enlistment. [2] In November 1835, John C. Duval volunteered for a company organized in Kentucky by his brother, Burr H. Duval, with the plan to go to fight in Texas. Dudley Goodall Wooten, ed., A Comprehensive History of Texas (2 vols., Dallas: Scarff, 1898; rpt., Austin: Texas State Historical Association, 1986). 2023 A&E Television Networks, LLC. At selected spots on each of the three roads, from half to three-fourths of a mile from the presidio, the three groups were halted. Fannin's men had agreed upon and reduced to writing the terms upon which they proposed to capitulate. Because of the intervention of Francita Alavez (known as the "Angel of Goliad"), 20 more men were spared to act as doctors, interpreters, or workers. Shannon always knew she would write novels, but the need to make a living and raise a family came first. James Fannin commanded troops stationed at Fort Defiance in Goliad. Less than a month later, as Houston prepared his men for the decisive Battle of San Jacinto that would earn Texas its independence, he concluded his impassioned speech with the rallying cry: Remember the Alamo! Until this episode Santa Anna's reputation had been that of a cunning and crafty man, rather than a cruel one. Civil Society Lone Star Life Texas History Today in Texas History: Massacre at Goliad On March 27, 1836, over 350 Texian soldiers were murdered by Mexican firing squads near Goliad after having surrendered days earlier. Harbert Davenport and Craig H. Roell, Had Fannin's and Miller's men been dumped on the wharves at New Orleans penniless, homesick, humiliated, and distressed, and each with his separate tale of Texas mismanagement and incompetence, Texas prestige in the United States would most likely have fallen, along with sources of help. Texas State Historical Association (TSHA), http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/17/107.shtml. Amon B. The Battle of Coleto ended with a Texian surrender on March 20. General Urrea departed Goliad, leaving command to Colonel Jos Nicols de la Portilla. Harbert Davenport, James W. Fannin's Part in the Texas Revolution (MS, Harbert Davenport Papers, Dolph Briscoe Center for American History, University of Texas at Austin). Things to Do They were advised not to take off the arm band, since Mexican troops were hunting for those few who had escaped from Coleto, Victoria, and the massacre itself. [7], Also spared were the 75 soldiers of William Parsons Miller and the Nashville Battalion, who had surrendered while still unarmed. In 1936, in celebration of the Texas Centennial, money was appropriated to build a massive pink granite monument, dedicated on June 4, 1938. He freed more than 20 others who he determined to be Mexicans or colonists, so he would not be hindered by taking prisoners along on his advance on Fannin's force. [1] The execution of the Texan soldiers, however horrific, was not without precedent. A thick cloud of smoke was wreathing toward the San Antonio River. About 26 men were retained at Victoria as laborers, but 55 of the prisoners were marched into Goliad, on March 25. [They were] to be liberated on parole, and that arrangements had been made to send [them] to New Orleans on board of vessels then at Copano.[6] Duval joined the division that was marched northwest along the road leading to San Antonio. Upon hearing heavy firing of musketry in the directions taken by the other two divisions, [one of the men] exclaimed Boys! Urrea departed Goliad, leaving Colonel Jos Nicols de la Portilla in command. This galvanized Texians and led to victory in their war for independence. The execution of James W. Fannin, Jr.'s command in the Goliad Massacre was not without precedent, however, and Mexican president and general Antonio Lpez de Santa Anna, who ultimately ordered the exterminations, was operating within Mexican law. [9] On March 14, Colonel William Ward and 200 men, who had been sent to help Captain Amon B. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Fannin, who could not have done much else-Urrea had received reinforcements and artillery that would have devastated the Texan position in an open prairie on ground lower than the Mexican lines-accepted Urrea's proposals but did not inform his men of the conditional nature of these terms. Not until the morning of March 19 did Fannin finally begin his retreat from Goliad. The slaughter of Colonel James W. Fannins troops in the Goliad Massacre, perpetrated three weeks after the fall of the Alamo, resulted in the single largest loss of life for the Texians during the Texas Revolution. "Texas forever!" In Goliad. In this critical predicament, Fannin and the majority of the men voted to surrender the Texian forces on March 20. After the executions the bodies were burned, the remains left exposed to weather, vultures, and coyotes, until June 3, 1836, when Gen. Thomas J. Rusk, who had established his headquarters at Victoria after San Jacinto and was passing through Goliad in pursuit of Gen. Vicente Filisola's retreating army, gathered the remains and buried them with military honors. [citation needed], Fortunately, due to the intervention of the "Angel of Goliad" (Francita Alavez) and the courageous effort of Colonel Francisco Garay, twenty more men were held and spared as doctors, interpreters, or workers. [9] On February 26, 1836, he attempted to march to San Antonio but turned back at the San Antonio River because of the inability to travel with the artillery and arms. Among these was Herman Ehrenberg, who later wrote an account of the massacre;[22] William Lockhart Hunter, also of the New Orleans Greys, who survived despite being bayoneted and clubbed with a musket;[23] and four members of Shackelford's Red Rovers: Dillard Cooper,[24] Zachariah S. Brooks, Wilson Simpson, and Isaac D. Hamilton,[25] who escaped after days on the run. They were among at least 350 men killed in the massacre at Goliad March 27, 1836, just three weeks after the fall of the Alamo.. William Lockhart Hunter [127] William Lockhart Hunter No Portrait Available William L. Hunter 1809 - 1886 Born in Virginia, June 5, 1809 Died at Austin, Tex. The guard on the right of the column of prisoners then countermarched and formed with the guard on the left. The common grave remained unmarked until about 1858, when a Goliad merchant, George von Dohlen, placed a pile of rocks on what was believed to be the site. Fannin also believed that by occupying Goliad, he could prevent Mexican commander Antonio Lpez de Santa Anna from drawing supplies from the Gulf of Mexico, but Fannin was called to assist Colonel William Travis at the Alamo. Thirty-nine were killed inside the fort under the direction of Captain Carolino Huerta of the Tres Villas battalion, with Colonel Garay saving one, Jack Shackelford. King evacuate colonists at Refugio, were surrounded by Urrea's force. accessed January 19, 2023, [5] Urrea had sent 18 of the 24 prisoners to Matamoros, where they were sentenced to death, but later released. Surrounded on all sides and heavily outnumbered, Colonel Fannin surrendered, and terms of the capitulation were agreed upon near Coleto Creek. [17] He also had a similar order sent directly to the "Officer Commanding the Post of Goliad". For a lucky few at Goliad, some soldiers were able to escape the carnage. Long, 1990, p. 280 states that Ward and 120 men from his Georgia Battalion were captured by Urrea's force. [3] The company, known as the Mustangs, came under the command of Colonel James W. Fannin once they arrived in Texas. War was begun with the incident at Gonzales. The death toll would have been even higher if not for a Mexican woman known as the Angel of Goliad who convinced a Mexican colonel to spare the lives of approximately 20 doctors, orderlies and interpreters. [2] J. Frank Dobie, John C. Duval: First Texas Man of Letters, Southwest Review Vol. Ehrenberg: Goliad Survivor, Old West Explorer: A Biography by Natalie Ornish,, Herman Ehrenberg Print length 403 pages Language English Publisher Texas Heritage Pr Publication date January 1, 1997 Dimensions 6.5 x 1.25 x 9.5 inches ISBN-10 0962075515 ISBN-13 978-0962075513 See all details Books with Buzz Within his journal, John recounts adventures involving fellow Goliad survivors, a Mexican lion, Indians, rattlesnakes, and much more before he was able to reach civilization around May 4, 1836.[8]. However, he had sent most of his carts and horses with Ward to Refugio and had no cavalry. [7] Santa Anna personally led the bulk of his troops inland to San Antonio de Bxar and ordered General Jos de Urrea to lead 550 troops along the Atascocita Road toward Goliad. Although shot in the thigh, Fannin continued to lead the fight until darkness fell. Goliad is a city in Goliad County, Texas, United States. The Goliad Campaign was the 1836 Mexican offensive to retake the Texas Gulf Coast during the Texas Revolution. The set of casualties included commander James Fannin. The Texans thought they would likely be set free in a few weeks. He sent couriers to Ward, but most of them were intercepted by Urrea's cavalry. 1887; facsimile rpt., Austin: Steck, 1935). Explore the restored Mission Espritu Santo and surrounding grounds. The survivors reached Goliad on February 29. Lightboxes. Twenty year old John Crittenden Duval and his older brother Burr were members of the large Kentucky contingent that answered the Texans' appeal in the early stage of the Revolution. At a prearranged moment, or upon a given signal, the guards fired upon the prisoners at a range too close to miss. An angry White mob rampaged through Tulsa's Greenwood District in Oklahoma . The Goliad Massacre Location: Presidio La Baha, Goliad Date: March 27, 1836 Casualties: 342 killed On my visit to Presidio la Baha, in Goliad, I began connecting the dots linking Spanish. [10] Jay A. Stout, Massacre at Goliad, Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2008, p. 212. The first prisoners taken by Urrea were the survivors of Francis W. Johnson's party, captured at and near San Patricio on February 27, 1836 (see SAN PATRICIO, BATTLE OF). King's company, the others "one by one" (see REFUGIO, BATTLE OF). In October, the Texians took up arms in what became known as the Texas Revolution. Jack Shackelford, commander of the Red Rovers under James W. Fannin at Goliad, was a survivor and chronicler of the battle of Coleto and the Goliad Massacre. Short on munitions and supplies, with no hope of rescue, the majority of Ward's men voted to surrender under good terms. At around 8 a.m. on Palm Sunday, March 27, 1836, Colonel Portilla had the able bodied of 342 Texians marched out of Fort Defiance into three columns on the Bexar Road, San Patricio Road, and the Victoria Road. [28] Nearly one month later, word reached La Bahia (Goliad) that Santa Anna had been defeated and had surrendered while trying to flee at the Battle of San Jacinto. Harbert Davenport and Craig H. Roell. Thirty-nine were killed inside the fort under the direction of Captain Carolino Huerta of the Tres Villas battalion, with Colonel Garay saving one, . Hobart Huson, Refugio: A Comprehensive History of Refugio County from Aboriginal Times to 1953 (2 vols., Woodsboro, Texas: Rooke Foundation, 1953, 1955). John J. Linn, Reminiscences of Fifty Years in Texas (New York: Sadlier, 1883; 2d ed., Austin: Steck, 1935; rpt., Austin: State House, 1986). Coordinates: 283851N 972259W / 28.6476N 97.3830W / 28.6476; -97.3830. Hobart Huson (Refugio?, Texas, 1949). After wandering on the coastal prairie for several days, the Georgia Battalion reached Victoria, only to find it in the possession of the Mexican army. Jos Enrique de la Pea, With Santa Anna in Texas (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1975). In 1892, Duval published his journal, Early Times in Texas, or, the Adventures of Jack Dobell, which detailed his imprisonment, escape, and eventual return to safety during the final month of the Texas Revolution. Massacre: The Goliad Witnesses Hardcover - June 13, 2014 by Michelle M. Haas (Compiler) 2 ratings Hardcover $44.95 3 Used from $58.13 11 New from $44.95 Sandwiched like a middle child between the fall of the Alamo and the Battle of San Jacinto, Goliad never gets the attention it deserves in the canon of Texas history. When the Mexican general reported to Santa Anna that he was holding the San Patricio prisoners, Santa Anna ordered Urrea to comply with the decree of December 30. See also List of massacres in the United States Kathryn Stoner O'Connor, The Presidio La Baha del Espritu Santo de Ziga, 1721 to 1846 (Austin: Von Boeckmann-Jones, 1966). Though not as salient as the battle of the Alamo, the massacre immeasurably garnered support for the cause against Mexico both within Texas and in the United States, thus contributing greatly to the Texan victory at the battle of San Jacinto and sustaining the independence of the Republic of Texas. The common grave remained unmarked until about 1858, when a Goliad merchant, George von Dohlen, placed a pile of rocks on what was believed to be the site. In some accounts of the Goliad Massacre, a Mexican woman, Francisca (Francita, Panchita or Pancheta) Alavez, sometimes referred to by other names (Alvarez or Alavesco), rescued about 20 Texian soldiers and became known as "The Angel of Goliad. As soon as they were ordered to halt a half-mile from the fort, however, the Texans realized their fates. 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