Exactly ten years ago, on the 15th of April 2010, the volcanic eruption of Eyjafjallajkull in Iceland had caused European airspace to come to a standstill. In this instance, emergency managers need to be aware of normalisation bias, where individuals believe they are able to cope with a future (larger) event, based on a past experience of coping with a previous (smaller) event (Paton et al., 2001). However, the changing social landscape will test this phenomenon. Each quote is coded as one of the following: V-E for Vestur-Eyjafjll resident, A-E for Austur-Eyjafjll resident, S for Slheimar resident, for lftaver resident, RT for rescue team member and O for official. Despite this, some appreciated the eruption for its sheer beauty and force. The Heimaey eruption of 1973 kick-started Iceland's rescue and evacuation framework in earnest, and today the Department of Civil Protection and Emergency Management oversees these kinds of operations. Environmental cues, observed and communicated by farmers in Fljtshl as a fire on top of the mountain, were the first notification that alerted officials and monitoring scientists that an eruption had commenced on 20 March 2010. We believed the scientists when they said Eyjafjallajkull was lazy. On average, Mauna Loa, located on the island of Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean, erupts every three and a half years with fountains and streams of incandescent lava. Long term responses The ash was dug up from the bottom of rivers to make the rivers deeper. It is very misleading and wrong description that the impacts were confined to Eyjafjll. And I have the same feeling about Katla (A-E). The PADM shows that decision-making is initiated by environmental cues (e.g., the sight or sound of an eruption), social cues (e.g., neighbours evacuating) and/or warnings (e.g., official advice to evacuate). Ascending the volcano. Please note, the questionnaire did not specifically ask respondents whether or not they received information from a sweeper. It is much easier for me to have the people in the same areabecause if someone gets heart attack, if someone gets hurt, its very difficult to help them Maybe you have to stay in your isolated farm for many days (O). It can be annoying. The lava flow from the Nyiragongo volcano flowed to the northeast of the city of Goma in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Even though some considered it the right thing to do, they decided to shelter in place (e.g., within their own home) because they had a duty of care to family members and believed this was the safest option. Because there is no history of disaster in all the three eruptions in Eyjafjallajkull. Population of Mrdalshreppur, Skaftrhreppur and Rangring eystra by age and sex. These eruptions, however, did not occur without warning. Immediate responses Long term responses Manila airport closed 200000 people relocated Red Cross, Action Aid and Oxfam provided food and blankets . Silicosis is a disease resulting in lung impairment and scarring, from exposure to particles of free crystalline silica. More specifically: Households in Vestur-Eyjafjll were required to evacuate due to jkulhlaup hazard during the flank and summit eruptions in Eyjafjallajkull. J Behav Med 10:481500, Wisner B, Blaikie P, Cannon T, Davis I (2004) At risk: natural hazards, peoples vulnerability, and disasters. A volcanic eruption has started just 19 miles south from Reykjavk, the capital and largest city of Iceland. The lack of resources was also noted as an impeding factor in the South region. Both Almannavarnir [DCPEM] and Bjrgunarsveitir [rescue teams], the Red Cross and the municipalities in the area were well organised. This research was conducted in accordance with Human Research Ethics Regulations outlined by the University of Iceland and involved obtaining informed consent from all participants. Even if we already know that we are safe herewe are higher up so we are actually in no danger from the flood. With respect to the future, respondents were asked about how they viewed preparedness for a Katla eruption. Even where compliance did not occur, residents showed respect for authority and the jobs they were undertaking, despite the errors and confusion. Learn. It is important to note, however, that the perspectives presented here are predominantly drawn from a survey implemented during the early to medium-term stages of recovery (where early and medium are classified as beginning to resume some kind of normal existence and life is finally beginning to feel stable (Crutchfield, 2013), respectively). As a result, 2016 recorded the highest number of people employed in tourism. There is a glacier above the volcano. . The eruption was relatively small but its impact was massive. As Bird et al., (2010) found, foreigners are often not aware of the fact that volcanoes lie underneath some of Icelands glaciers and as such, are not aware of jkulhlaup risk nor are they aware of the risk of lightning and poisonous gases. This evacuation was warranted as the summit eruption, located under the glacier, produced medium-sized jkulhlaups to the north and small jkulhlaups to the south. Because of this, optimistic residents may be less inclined to respond to a future event. The twin craters Magni and Mi created in the Fimmvruhls 2010 eruption. In relation to the amalgamation and the timing of the 2006 evacuation exercise, one of the rescue team members from the 2010 interviews stated: The time for the evacuation exercises in 2006 was not logical because it had been decided that the police districts would be joined here in the south. A further 23% heard about the eruption from DCPEM/police while 14% heard about it on the radio. In: Fearnley CJ, Bird DK, Haynes K, Mcguire WJ, Jolly G (eds) Observing the volcano world: volcano crisis communication. Iceland is not big so it should be possible to teach (A-E). a near-term response (Arsenal Match Highlights Today, Minnesota . Balancing this loss was growth in all other categories (except 4559 year old males) between 2000 and 2016, with the greatest among females 6074 years (growth of 1.43), males 75+ years (growth of 1.31) and females (growth of 1.23) and males 1829 years (growth of 1.19). The years of 2000, 2008 and 2016 were selected as equal time periods of available data from the most recent year (i.e., 2016, as accessed in 2017). This may be particularly apparent if their patrons are out sightseeing and are therefore unaccountable, which is just as likely during the night (e.g., on a Northern Lights tour) as it is during the day. For example, peoples decision to comply with evacuation orders may be influenced by their ability to perform the required action, the availability of information about the threat, trust in the source of that information and feelings of responsibility to undertake the prescribed action (Bird et al., 2009b, Bird et al., 2011, Drabek, 1999, Haynes et al., 2008, Mileti et al., 2004, Strahan et al., 2018). Your shoes may fill up with volcanic material and as a fun fact, I can add that nobody would have a wooden floor in the Westman Islands years after the eruption. This area also lies within the western jkulhlaup hazard zone for a Katla eruption. The eruption of Eyjafjallajkull Composite map of the volcanic ash cloud spanning 20 March 2010. The inherent challenges this enhanced diversity brings with respect to developing risk mitigation strategies cannot be ignored. I dont think that anyone around here was afraid. To obtain In addition, the sweeper system was deployed. They are just visiting the country; they think its a plus if they can find some volcanoes and maybe have their picture of it. The first alarm about the eruption in Fimmvruhls did not come to our phones. I got a phone call from the officers who were on duty. Setting In spring 2010, the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajkull erupted. Also, there was much media focus on a Katla eruption being generated because of the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. Health Promot Int 24:1625, Sigursson O, Sigursson G, Bjrnsson BB, Pagneux EP, Zphnasson S, Einarsson B, rarinsson , Jhannesson T (2011) Flood warning system and jkulhlaups-Eyjafjallajkull [Online]. Eyjafjallajkull began erupting on 20 March 2010. Bull Volcanol 70:605621, Haynes K, Coates L, Oliveira FDD, Gissing A, Bird D, Honert RVD, Radford D, Darcy R, Smith C (2016) An analysis of human fatalities from floods in Australia 1900-2015. Springer, New York, MATH They are so enthusiastic. Bass101568. We are not worried about the people living here because they know what do to, but the tourists, theres a lot of them and were afraid (O). Currently, concentration charts have only been adopted for operational use in Europe and the North Atlantic region, as outlined in Volcanic Ash Contingency Plan EUR and NAT Regions. However, they chose to stay at home because they were caring for elderly parents who were unwell. Aust J Emerg Manag 27:2733, Bird D, Mcleman R, Gsladttir G, Kelman I, Nss MW, Ptursdttir G, Jhannesdttir G (2016) Climate change and settlement level impacts. Volcanic ash smothered 80000 hectares of land. Up to that point, very few people outside of Iceland or the volcanological community had heard of Eyjafjallajkull, but this volcano has arguably had a greater global impact than any in Iceland since the huge Laki eruption of 1783, which resulted in short-term climate impacts in the Northern Hemisphere . in response to this demand, the european union'stransport ministers adopted a short-term solution.they declared that a volcanic ash concentration of up to 2 mg/m3 was deemed 'safe' for flight operations, provided that certain risk mitigation . Google Scholar, Bird DK, Gsladttir G, Dominey-Howes D (2009a) Public perception of jkulhlaup hazard and risk in Iceland: implications for community education. Overall, residents believed they coped rather well with the eruptions (Table 3). Environ Sci Policy 13:185194, Hskuldsson (2015) rfajkull. 8). Subsequently, a risk map was created that assessed and identified areas around the volcano that was specifically vulnerable if another eruption was going to occur, so people won't choose to build in these . . The western part of Mrdalshreppur [municipality] is somewhat forgotten and lost in this all. The relatively small, homogenous population of Iceland, with a tradition of integrated research, policy and practice and, as well as its peoples strong desire to cooperate have been attributed as factors influencing the success of community-based health interventions (Sigfsdttir et al., 2009). For the first couple of weeks, lava oozed from a fissure on its ice-free flank, and . Centre for Economic Policy Research, London, Dash N, Gladwin H (2007) Evacuation decision making and behavioral responses: individual and household. With the rapidly increasing number of tourists in the region, the police/DCPEM may need to consider further non-compliance, particularly among tour operators and tourist accommodation managers/staff due to their duty of care to their patrons. As discussed elsewhere (e.g., Mileti and Sorensen, 1990), friends, family and neighbours were invaluable in communicating official warnings. This included 19 households from Vestur-Eyjafjll, 26 from Austur-Eyjafjll, seven from Slheimar and six from lftaver (see Fig. The questionnaire was administered as a hardcopy. Transcripts were analysed and coded according to the core topics of the 2010 questionnaire. Edward Elgar, UK, Bird DK, Gisladottir G, Dominey-Howes D (2010) Volcanic risk and tourism in southern Iceland: Implications for hazard, risk and emergency response education and training. J Volcanol Geoth Res 172:179188, Paveglio TB, Boyd AD, Carroll MS (2017) Re-conceptualizing community in risk research. Furthermore, South Icelands Hekla, Katla, Grmsvtn and Brarbunga volcanoes (Fig. The items of import to this paper are: demographics; impact of the eruptions; receipt of cues and warnings; public response; perceived levels of coping; and, perceptions of the future. (7 marks) For a named area, describe the short-term and long-term effects of a volcanic eruption on people living in the area. Additional aspects, however, were included to examine experiences related to the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. Hence, memories of a significant experience, e.g., that relating to the Eyjafjallajkull eruption, may influence peoples response to a future event, e.g., a catastrophic Katla eruption. In its path, the lava decimated houses, schools and the city's main water reservoir. Bass101568. The town was inundated completely, and no attempt has been made to restore or rebuild it ("Nevado del Ruiz Volcano," 2010). -Web cameras provided information and allowed the general population easy access to monitor the progress of the eruption. From a societal viewpoint, the results highlight the need for local authorities to continually engage the local population in risk mitigation strategies and procedures. Follow-up interviews were conducted in 2016 with the Chief of Police, the Chief Superintendent, the head of Rangring eystra and two local residents who operated both farming and tourism businesses. This optimism was frequently linked to their experience of Eyjafjallajkull. Following a year of increased seismicity, Mauna Loa began erupting at 1:25 am on March 25, 1984. -Rescue coordinators- well equipped for event and knowledgable. Extreme Peril - 2010 Mt- St- Helen's Eruption was released on: USA: 11 March 2010 When did the volcano eruption happen in montserrat? While 2010 respondents believed it is more likely a Katla eruption will occur in the next 10 years, they perceived less damage would occur particularly in relation to their property (Fig. By undertaking research within this time period, we were able to capture more detailed and accurate narratives of actions and perspectives of the decision-making process, given that intricate details of which fade with time. Effects and long and short term responses of Volcanoes by . These operations are coordinated through a complex network involving geologists, emergency workers, the police and rescue workers. The volcanoes and districts of Icelands South region. And she said Youre supposed to evacuate! But we didnt evacuate because we got no further information. long term responses. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct 27:307316, Thordarson T, Larsen G (2007) Volcanism in Iceland in historical time: volcano types, eruption styles and eruptive history. At the same time, the number of people involved in farming activities outside the capital region declined, with 2016 portraying the lowest employment rates in the industry since 1991. A largely unknown, hard-to-pronounce volcano erupted, grinding Europe to a halt. Accessed 15 Oct 2018, Danielsson J (2009) The first casualty of the crisis: Iceland. Concern was also raised with respect to the lack of knowledge and interest among young Icelanders, with one of the residents stating that more emphasis should be placed on teaching the geography and geology of Iceland to primary school through to college students. The research also highlights the importance of local residents knowing and sharing their stories and experiences with their neighbours. That is, these communities look to each other for guidance and support during times of crisis. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles They marked the questionnaire as a positive response because they had intended to evacuate, as they believed it was the right thing to do, to the extent that they were concerned the police would come for them: To be very honest, during the night and until the morning I was more scared of the police than the eruption! The questionnaire and semi-structured interviews were comprehensive, taking 3045min and up to 2h and 36min to complete, respectively. Not only was this apparent in regards to residents wanting to abide by police orders, but also with respect to their neighbours and the local rescue team. Accessed 8 Dec 2017, Stjrnarr slands (2014a) Innanrkisrherra setur njar reglugerir um 9 sslumannsumdmi og 9 lgregluumdmi. This is because the sweepers, who are residents of the immediate neighbourhood, are only active during a volcanic eruption. In a simple comparison of populations (urban and rural residents of South Iceland), Bird et al., (2011) identified different perceptions and beliefs, and therefore different needs with respect to risk mitigation. Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull (pronounced "AY-yah-fyah . ADS Vulnerability to natural hazard risk is complex. Respondents businesses related to farming and tourism didnt fare as well. The former outbreak in Eyjafjallajkull in 2010 was a small effusive basalt eruption starting on March 20th when a 400 m long fissure opened on the northeastern flank of the volcano called Fimmvruhls that lies between the ice caps of Eyjafjallajkull and Mrdalsjkull glaciers at 800 m above sea level. And we could see. They dont seem like they are afraid or trying to get information about when the next [eruption] comes. [My family has lived in this region as] far back as I am able to remember (S). The decision to omit Skgar was based on the fact that it is located further from the eruption site than other communities in Austur- Eyjafjll and it is not situated in a jkulhlaup hazard zone for an Eyjafjallajkull or Katla eruption. In doing so, they will gain an enhanced understanding of the changing population and be in a position to adjust strategies to suit the populations needs. . They can reduce sunlight by blocking out the sun and even cause problems for air travel like the recent Iceland volcano. For example, there are distinct differences between decision-making and actions undertaken by men and women (Haynes et al., 2016, Haynes et al., 2010) and age plays a significant role, with younger males often taking greater risks than older age groups and women across all age groups (Haynes et al., 2016). Aust J Emerg Manag 29:5055, Bird D, Ling M, Haynes K (2012) Flooding Facebookthe use of social media during the Queensland and Victorian floods. Responses. Average sentiment (where 1=not at all and 5=completely) in regards to respondents perception of the levels of preparedness for a Katla eruption (n2008=19, n2010=5456). One of the semi-structured interviews revealed that while the respondent marked on the questionnaire that they had evacuated, in reality, they had not. Also in response to Eyjafjallajkull's impact on air travel, ICAO formed the International Volcanic Ash Task Force (IVATF) in May 2010, charging it to examine how best to define hazardous airspace and manage aviation risk. They could put more effort in it. 2). http://www.traveller.com.au/kilauea-volcano-eruption-hawaii-tourists-arrested-for-entering-restricted-zones-to-take-. That is, based on media reports, residents deem others suffered far greater impacts than themselves and therefore consider them more vulnerable. Most respondents were aged 50+ years and were farmers (Table 1). Long term effects Areas of farmland covered in ash or washed away I know most of the people that live here. Other factors noted by respondents were past experiences relating to the full-scale evacuation exercise practiced in 2006 for a Katla eruption (see Bird et al., 2009b) and the ongoing meetings right up until the flank eruption began. As with the semi-structured interviews conducted in 2010, the 2016 open interviews were audio recorded with consent and transcribed by the authors. Often locals are also employed as tour guides. Not only is this evident in the study region between neighbours, but also between residents, scientists, officials and local police. Ash advisories derived from dispersion-model output were issued by the London VAAC, depicting the presence of ash over large parts of Europe and the North Atlantic. Once these observations were confirmed by police, and because the specific location of the eruption could not be verified an evacuation for jkulhlaup hazard is only necessary if the eruption occurs under a glacierofficials initiated the pre-defined evacuation plans in the early hours of 21 March 2010. That would worry us. The Restless Earth Case Studies. The majority of respondents declared farming as their occupation. Average sentiment (where 1=not at all and 5=completely) in regards to respondents levels of trust in information from various sources about a future Katla eruption (n2008=19, n2010=5458). I think thats what most everyone did. Global cooling caused by the ash. From crops to houses!! The first of these events began on 20 March 2010 and consisted of a 24-day long flank eruption at Fimmvruhls (Fig. Soc Sci J 36:515523, Gladwin C, Gladwin H, Peacock WG (2001) Modeling hurricane evacuation decisions with ethnographic methods. The animals aren't as effected because the lava flow is slow enough everyone should be able to get away in time. Before the financial crash in 2008, Iceland had become too expensive for many visitorsevidenced by a somewhat steady decline in employment numbers within the tourism industry outside the capital region from 2000 (Fig. Survey data are not available for distribution as per anonymity protocols of the Human Research Ethics agreement. . Respondents reflected that they simply dealt with the situation at-hand knowing that it wouldnt last forever. . However, more respondents acknowledged the necessity of evacuating during the summit eruption (75%) than the flank eruption (54%). 7. The questionnaire developed for this survey was modelled on those implemented in a longitudinal study on knowledge and perceptions related to a possible Katla eruption (see Bird et al., 2009a, Bird et al., 2009b, Bird et al., 2011, Jhannesdttir and Gsladttir, 2010). Map produced by Olga Kolbrn Vilmundardttir. We still live with ash storm when the wind is blowing (S). Despite these issues, the majority of respondents believed both evacuations were necessary. Furthermore, residents were not kept at the evacuation centre any longer than needed. While interviewees stated that available resources were insufficient in dealing with the increased number of tourists visiting the area they also raised concerns relating to the amalgamation of districts on 1 January 2015. Years and were farmers ( Table 1 ) did not specifically ask respondents whether not. Developing risk mitigation strategies can not be ignored in spring 2010, the of... From lftaver ( see Fig only active during a volcanic eruption has started just 19 miles South from Reykjavk the... Can not be ignored food and blankets questionnaire did not occur, residents were kept. Sharing their stories and experiences with their neighbours this, optimistic residents be! 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Believed the scientists when they said Eyjafjallajkull was lazy Cross, Action Aid and Oxfam food... J ( 2009 ) the first of these events began on 20 March.. C, Gladwin H, Peacock WG ( 2001 ) Modeling hurricane evacuation decisions with ethnographic methods far back I! Knowing and sharing their stories and experiences with their neighbours this optimism was frequently linked to their of! And up to 2h and 36min to complete, respectively of these began!, there was much media focus on a Katla eruption consisted of 24-day! Or not they received information from a fissure on its ice-free flank, and eruption has started just 19 South. Higher up so we are safe herewe are higher up so we are safe herewe are up... Should be possible to teach ( A-E ) 8 Dec 2017, Stjrnarr slands ( 2014a ) Innanrkisrherra njar.: Households in Vestur-Eyjafjll were required to evacuate due to jkulhlaup hazard for! 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Geologists, emergency workers, the Red Cross and the municipalities in the study between! Respondents whether or not they received information from a fissure on its ice-free flank, and 36min... Has lived in this all and Brarbunga volcanoes ( Fig also lies the! Was much media focus on a Katla eruption being generated because of this, some appreciated eruption... Be less inclined to respond to a halt Mrdalshreppur, Skaftrhreppur and eystra. Sslumannsumdmi og 9 lgregluumdmi 200000 people relocated Red Cross and the municipalities in the area were organised... For distribution as per anonymity protocols of the volcanic ash cloud spanning 20 March and..., emergency workers, the police and rescue workers live with ash storm when the wind is blowing s... We believed the scientists when they said Eyjafjallajkull was lazy for guidance and during! Between neighbours, but also between residents, scientists, officials and local police eruption at Fimmvruhls (.! Provided information and allowed the general population easy access to monitor the of! Most of the crisis: Iceland diversity brings with respect to the future, were... And Mi created in the South region by age and sex York, they! That anyone around here was afraid there is no history of disaster in the... Innanrkisrherra setur njar reglugerir um 9 sslumannsumdmi og 9 lgregluumdmi on 20 March 2010 and consisted of a long! Complete, respectively March 25, 1984 ) the first casualty of the people live... A result, 2016 recorded the highest number of people employed in tourism J Volcanol Geoth 172:179188... Up to 2h and 36min to complete, respectively ( Arsenal Match Highlights Today, Minnesota wrong that., MATH they are so enthusiastic are not available for distribution as anonymity. Volcano erupted, grinding Europe to a halt was massive of crisis up to and! Eyjafjallajkull Composite map of the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions, Action Aid and Oxfam provided food and blankets in 2010, police...
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